Gender Essentialism Katherine s Transformation

Gender Essentialism: Katherine s Transformation in William Shakespeare s Taming Of The Shrew Feminist and cultural historians have convincingly demonstrated that rebellious women were a concern for englishmen during the late sixteenth centuries (Detmer 273). The idea of â€Å"taming† a women is one that men can find useful, though women can also benefit from. Katherine cynically conforms to expectation, and in doing so displays how The Taming of the Shrew is a critique on gender essentialism. The Oxford English Dictionary states, essentialism is a belief that things have a set of characteristics which make them what they are. This theory in regards to gender refers to the fact that men and women have been born into particular roles which they must abide by. The men in this play measure their own fulfilment of gender roles through their relationships with women. Petruchio believes that if a man is unable to tame his woman, he himself is no better then a shrew. In this essay I will argue that Katherine s transformation from miserable â€Å"shrew† to obedient wif e signifies the necessity of assuming proper gender roles to survive in the patriarchal world of William Shakespeare s The Taming of the Shrew. This is depicted through Katherine s journey during the whole of the play, her actions, how she acts around others and how others act around her all come back to Katherine learning to play her part as the ideal 16th century woman. It is immediately apparent in The Taming of

Christopher Columbus, The, And The United States - 971 Words

Introduction In the United States, when a child is asked to think about Christopher Columbus, chances are the child will portray him as a courageous, heroic explorer who discovered America. However, when a child is asked about what they think of when they see an Indian, the child will most likely describe a half-naked human with a feather on his head. Any young American will unknowingly stereotype Indians as figures of the past. These cognitive constructs [stereotypes] are often created out of a kernel and then distorted beyond reality (Hoffmann, 1986). Without any doubt, these attributed characteristics are incorrect. Unfortunately, the majority of Americans regard Indians as â€Å"obstacles to white settlement.† However, historians, scientists, and researchers understand the fact that Indians were â€Å"one of the principle determinants of historical events.† So where does the tragic level of misinformed Americans come from? Ultimately, the overarching origin for this injustified American perspective of the Native American lies in the stereotypes perpetrated by this culture’s education and media. Five hundred years after the first recorded commentary about American Indians, minorities have struggled to overcome the pervasive effect of these impactful stereotypes. This study reveals how the first encounter between Christopher Columbus and the indigenous peoples in 1492 inspired religious racism and indentured servitude in the Americas, which responded withShow MoreRelatedChristopher Columbus : The United States And Charles C. Mann s 14911449 Words   |  6 Pagestoday, Christopher Columbus is known by the majority of students as the man who so called â€Å"discovered† the Americas accidentally on his voyage to India. Students learn about the â€Å"Indians† that Columbus stumbled across and the cultivations that Columbus and his crew were able to accomplish on the new lands. Books te ll of new resources, materials, and goods that made it all the way across the sea from Genoa, but students have not been introduced to the carryover of disease(s) that Columbus and hisRead MoreChristopher Columbus s Discovery Of The Disoriented Magnetic Compass Off The South Eastern Coast Of United States1030 Words   |  5 PagesI. INTRO: A. Attention Getter: Since Christopher Columbus’s discovery of the disoriented magnetic compass off the South-Eastern coast of the United States, more than 1000 people have vanished into what is called The Bermuda Triangle. For centuries, many have reasoned with their fears of the unknown only to coin it a mythical second name, The Devil’s triangle. B. Statement of Credibility: Through vast studying of oceanic research articles, I have found that the media overwhelms the general publicRead MoreChristopher Columbus : A False Narrative For Americans1282 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States, students learn that Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492 and â€Å"discovered† North America. This common misconception creates a false narrative for Americans learning about Christopher Columbus’ legacy - and indeed about the country’s early post-European history. When Christopher Columbus came ashore, North America was already inhabited by hundreds of thousands of native peoples so the concept of Christopher Columbus somehow â€Å"discovering† what is now the United StatesRead MoreAmerican Lit : Burden Of The United States1031 Words   |  5 PagesMorgan Finley American Lit Burden December 12, 2014 American What does it mean to be American? 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Columbus was not the first European to reach mainland in the Western Hemisphere, but his efforts did lay the path to settlement of the â€Å"New World†. Similar to Christopher Columbus, Neil Armstrong was a pioneer in his own right; he is the â€Å"Father of Space†. Christopher Columbus and Neil Armstrong were obviously two very different people based on theRead MoreChristopher Columbus : The True Agenda Essay1386 Words   |  6 Pages The True Agenda Christopher Columbus was born in born in Genoa, Italy in 1451. He was not born into a very wealthy family like many assume he was, but in fact was born into a middle working class family. Christopher’s father worked extremely hard as a wool weaver to support his wife and four children. Ever since a young age the ocean and the endless opportunities of where it could lead fascinated Christopher. As Columbus got older, he developed a theory. 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Columbus found America and brought the early English settlements over. Washington helped found our country. However even though both men affected our country both are viewed differently than today. George Washington set a legacy that we are still following

The European Expansion Of Europe - 1286 Words

For many generations, it was taught that the expansion of Europe to the Americas, (also known as the European expansion), had a huge impact on all societies of the old world. The importance of this was taught to societies all across the world, and was indeed a necessary occurrence. Up until recently, the idea was never given any real thought for the majority of people as to how, over many generations in the family and throughout the passage of time, how they precisely got where they are currently today, as well as what kind of pain and suffering the continents known as North and South America was initially founded on. European expansion did have some positive effects for the Europeans, such as new lands and resources, however at the same time it had caused many more negative effects on both the Natives and Europeans. In the early period of the expansion, explorers from countries such as Britain, France, Dutch Republic, Spain, and Portugal, crossed immense oceans to even find a hint of other civilizations and new resources. With superior technological strength and materials, especially with firearms, Europeans were able to achieve both land and power. The motives for European expansion could be of any variation, from desiring glory from their lands, to obtaining gold for their future, to serve in the name of God, or even to meet the strategic needs that their country may require. Among the first well known European explorers, Christopher Columbus, an experienced voyager,Show MoreRelatedEcological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe Essay846 Words   |  4 PagesBiological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900, by ecological historian Alfred W. Crosby explores how â€Å"portmanteau biota†, helped Europeans to eradicate whole societies in the Neo-Europes (xv, 89). Crosby believes that temperate zones, climates similar to that of Europe, allowed European biota to thrive, which allowed for European expansion. Crosby discusses the Norse invasions and the Crusades as examples of how Europeans were not able to expand. Crosby claims that climate was crucial to European expansionRead MoreEssay about The Historical Impacts of the Protestant Reformation946 Words   |  4 PagesThe Protestant Reformation and European expansion have both left political, social and economic impacts throughout history. The Protestant Reformation which was started in the 1500â €™s, by a Catholic man named Martin Luther caused political instability and fragmented the Holy Roman Empire. It economically caused the church to go bankrupt and socially allowed for the rise of individualism among the people; Luther gave the people of Europe the long needed reason to break free of the church. The ProtestantRead MoreThe Extension of European Society690 Words   |  3 PagesExtension of European Society Extension of European Society The era between1450-1650 was marked by extensive exploration of the world oceans by the Europeans by undertaking great voyages and securing the trade routes, that is why many refer this period as the age of discovery and the age of expansion as the Europeans migrates to other part of the world for the first time. These factors lead to technological growth, advancement, and strengthening of political and religious factors in the Europeans societyRead MoreCompare and Contrast the demographic and environmental effects of The Colombian Exchange on The Americas and Europe723 Words   |  3 PagesAmericas and Europe were similar in their changing population densities caused by diseases and goods. Also Europe and the Americas both benefited from the exchange of foreign crops and livestock across the Triangle trade routes. 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Certainly the Biblical parable of linguistic unity and its following collapse parallels all too closely with the rise and fall of the Roman Empire, with a splintered Europe emerging from its shadow. And it is the events within this particular shadow that Robert Bartlett discusses in his book The Making Of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change 930-1350. Bartlett explores medieval Europe, discussing the particularly crucial years of

The Body, Gender, And Sexuality - 964 Words

Allise Sellers Unit 2 Reading Response The body, gender, and sexuality are intertwined concepts that have been simplified to a point that attempts to explain each of these characteristic constructs purely through biology. However, ignoring the social implications in various cultures takes away from the complex analysis these foundational human descriptors actually deserve. In the writings of R.W. Connell, Suzanne Kessler, S.E. Smith, Lisa Wade, Riki Wilchins, and Patricia Hill Collins, these authors incorporate sociological analyses to investigate the relationships among the body, gender, and sexuality in daily life. These authors attempted to move away from the belief that these characteristics were solely determined through biology and discussed how societal regulation, norms, and other interactions help shape these constructions. In Kessler’s â€Å"The Medical Construction of Gender†, she analyzes gender from the macro-social level to express how intersex infants are addressed in t he medical field, or at an institutional level. One element that the author chose to investigate was the use of genetic testing to determine biological sex. Many of the physicians the author discussed believed that genetic testing was enough to determine which way to go forward with treatment, except in cases with non-normative chromosome combinations (Kessler 1998: 54-55). In this way, doctors made their determinations entirely based on biological makeup, without any consideration of how socialShow MoreRelatedFemale Sexuality, Gender, And The Body4267 Words   |  18 PagesWomen’s body which is personal in nature is, no more personal, it’s always binding by the culture. Female sexuality in a Brahmanical Patriarchy is much more complicated. 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Financial Analysis of Wesfarmers @Myassignmenthelp.com Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Financial Analysis of Wesfarmers. Answer: Introduction The report states about the Wesfarmers that was established in 1984 by Westralian Farmers Cooperative Limited. It was formed taking the needs of farmers in Western Australia into consideration with a view to provide the services and merchandise to the Westralian Rural Community. Wesfarmers was enlisted in the Australian Stock Exchange. It comprises of departmental stores, supermarket, coal mining, chemical and energy resources, industrial product and safety, and insurance business. It contributes to the development of rural communities in Australia by providing them with products and services at a rational price and of good quality. Wesfarmers is one of the largest employers with the 205,000 employees and around 500000 shareholders across the world (Wesfarmers, 2016). The Wesfarmers is the one of the largest company in terms of revenue in 2015 that is overtaken the Woolworths and BHP Billiton. The company fosters a culture, which empowers the employees, encourage innovation, bring co mmercial excellence. It accomplishes its corporate social responsibility to maintain its market value and contribute to the growth of the community. It focuses on the wealth maximization of its stakeholders by providing the fair wages and salary to its employee, by providing the dividend to its shareholders, by providing the tax to the government, and by providing the product and services to the community at a lower price. Along with this, the report includes the analysis of four financial statements of the company, which includes a statement of financial position, change in equity statement, income statement, and cash flow statement, which indicates the financial performance of the company in 2015 in comparison of 2014. Besides this, the report suggests some possible solution to the management of Wesfarmers Limited that can help it to remove the financial problems. Statement of financial position: Particulars 2014 (AUD in billions) 2015(AUD in billions) Parentage change Total Current assets 9.31 9.09 2.36% Total noncurrent assets 40.35 41.16 2.01% Total Current Liabilities 8.23 9.73 18.22% Total Noncurrent Liabilities 16.38 14.37 12.27% Total shareholders Equity 25.99 24.78 4.65% Source: Yahoo7, (2016) Statement of financial position is the kind of financial statement, which reveals the financial performance of the company during an accounting year. This statement gives all the information about the companys the financial performance during a financial year. It includes the current liabilities, noncurrent liabilities, current assets, noncurrent assets, and shareholders equity (Healy and Palepu, 2012). The statement helps in tracking the performance of the company and determining the investment avenue. The financial position of the Wesfarmers can be measured by analyzing the below table encompassing the information of the financial performance of the company for 2016 and 2015. From the above table, it can be understood that the Wesfarmerss financial position is going down and the market value in terms of the share price is diminishing. As per the given information in above table, the total current asset of the company has reduced by 2.36% in 2015. It shows that the financial strength of the company has declined in 2015 in comparison of 2014 to meet its short-term liabilities and working capital requirements. Along with this, the noncurrent assets of Wesfarmers in 2015 is increased by 2.01% that shows that the company is owning more fixed assets in the year 2015 than 2014. Along with this, the current liability of the company in 2015 is increased by 18.22% that shows that liquidity position of the company has weakened in comparison to the previous year (Yahoo7, 2016). At the same time, the noncurrent liabilities of Wesfarmers has declined in 2015 that means the company is long-term liabilities has reduced by 12.27%. It indicates the strong financial positio n of the company in meeting the long terms debts. Based on the above analysis, it can be said that the decreased current assets or liquidity and increased short-term liability creates the adverse situation for the Wesfarmers that suppress its market growth. The long-term asset is even increased but cannot be converted into cash whenever it needed to meet the short-term debts. Similarly, the shareholder's equity of the Wesfarmers of 2014 is more than 2015 that means the equity of the company is reduced. It is reduced by 4.65% that shows the declining market share price of the company. Therefore, the financial strength of the company is inclined downward as the current assets because of excess of the liabilities over the assets. Shareholders equity: Statement of shareholders equity is the statement, which shows the change in the equities of the company during a financial year. The equity shareholders statement gives the clear picture of the fluctuations in the equity of the company, dividend distributed by the company, and the outstanding shares and the different methods of the raising the funds such as preference share, common stock, treasury stock, and retained earnings (Brigham and Houston, 2012). This statement helps the management in taking the decisions regarding the equity as well as it helps the investors in tracking the performance of the company. The comparative statement of shareholder equity of Wesfarmers is given below: Particular 2014 (AUD in millions) 2015(AUD in millions) Percentage change Common stock 22,708 21,844 3.80% Retained earnings 2,901 2,742 5.48% Treasury stock 378 195 48.41% Source: Annual Report, (2016) From the above table, it can be interpreted that the common stock of the Wesfarmers is decreased during the year of 2015. As given in the table, the common stock of the company is AUD 22708 million during 2014, which decreased by AUD 21844 million during the year 2015. This shows that the company is losing its market value and is not performing well. The revenue of the company is decreasing which pushing back the investors into doing investment in the stocks of the company. Similarly, the retained earnings of the Wesfarmers are also decreasing. Retained earnings are the part of the total net profit that is kept by the company with itself to plough it back into productive acidities. If the net income of the company increases the retained earnings of the company is also increases. As shown in above table, the retained earnings of the company have decreased of AUD 159 million (2901-2742) by June 2015. This indicates that the net income of the company is decreased it is not performed wil l in the year 2015. This caused less investment in the company, which impacts on its equity statements. Apart from this, treasury stock is also decreased in 2015 as given in the above table. The treasury stock of the Wesfarmers was AUD 378 million in 2014, which is decreased in 2015 by AUD 195 million. The reduction in treasury stock is 48.41%.Therefore, it can be said that the company is not performing anyhow and is losing its efficiency, effectiveness, competitive edge, and market value. Profit and loss statement: Profit and loss statement is known as the income statement, which reveals the income and expenditure of the company during a financial year. It shows the net profit or net loss for the company. It incorporates all the expenses excluding factory expenses on the left side column (Cr.) and all the revenues on the column in the right column (Dr.). If the expenses exceed the revenue of the company, it generates the net loss of the company (Robinson, 2015). If the expenses are below the revenue, then it generates the net profit for the company. The income statement of Wesfarmers for 2014 and 2015 is given below: Particular 2014(AUD in millions) 2015 (AUD in millions) Percentage change Total Operating Revenue 2795 3759 +34.49% Cost of goods sold 41543 43145 +3.86% Total expenses before income tax 57668 59100 +2.42% Non-operating gains and losses 312 412 +32.05% Earnings per common share 234.6% 216.1% -18.5% Source: ASX, (2016) As shown in above table, the total operating income of the Wesfarmers in 2015 has increased by 34.49% that means the company was able to slash its operating cost down and increase the profit. The cost of goods sold has increased by 3.86% while the expenses increased by 2.42% which shows the decreased efficiency of the company in reducing its expenses and production cost in comparison of 2014. The other expenses other than operating are increasing that giving the high cost to the company that in turn is increasing the cost of goods sold. Apart from this, the non-operating gains and losses of $412 million in 2015 are greater the non-operating expenses in 2014. It was increased by 32.05%. It shows that the other expenses of the company excluding operating are increasing and that weakening the financial position of the company. Along with this, the earning per share of Wesfarmers is decreased in 2015 in comparison of 2014 by 18.5% that shows that the net income of the company is decreasi ng. This indicates the lesser shareholders worth for the shareholders (ASX, 2016). Because less net income constraints the company to distribute the dividend at a very lower rate that in turn brings the lesser shareholders equity for the firm. Therefore, based on the above comparative income statement, it can be said that the cash position of the company is not good. The cost of the company is not controlling that is the serious problem for the company. Cash flow statement: Cash flow statement is the one the four financial statement which shows the cash position of the company. It depicts the cash inflow and outflow of the company for a financial year (Weil, 2013). If the cash inflow is greater than the cash outflow, it means the company is having the surplus. While, if the cash outflow is greater than the cash inflow, it means that the company is having cash deficit from the different activities. It is the also very important in the organization as it direct the management in deciding the investment in the different activities as well as the source of funds. Here, the comparative cash flow statement of Wesfarmers for 2014 and 2015 is given below: Particulars 2014(AUD in millions) 2015(AUD in millions) Percentage change Net cash inflow/used in from operating activities 3226 3791 17.51% Net cash inflow from/used in financing activities (3444) (3249) 5.66% Net cash inflows from/used in investing activities 952 (1898) 299.37% Net increase or decrease in cash during the year 734 (1356) 284.74% Source: Market watch, (2016) From the above table, it is found that the Wesfarmers earned $3791million from the operating income in 2015 that is higher than the cash inflow from the operating activities in 2014 that is $3226 million. The net cash inflow from the operating activities increased by 17.51% in the year 2015 which means the company is able to cut down its operating expenses and able to efficiently handle the operating activities. Apart from this, the cash used in the financing activities is higher than cash inflow from the financing activities in both the year 2014 and 2015. However, the cash outflow in financing activities in the year 2014 is more than 2015. The cash used in financing activities in 2015 is $3249 million is lesser than $ 3444 million in 2014. It has been reduced by 5.66% that shows the company is improved its financial condition somehow that reduced its borrowings and payment. At the same time, the investing activities are provided less cash to the company in 2015 in comparison of 201 4. The cash inflow from the investing activities is higher than the cash outflow in 2014 while the same is lesser in 2015. The cash inflow in 2014 is $952million while there is a deficit in 2015 where the cash outflow is greater than the cash inflow by $ 1898 million (Market watch, 2016). Apart from this, the overall position of the company is determined based on the net increase or decrease in cash during the year. In the context of Wesfarmers, based on above table, the cash position of the company in 2014 is increased where the cash in hand for the company is $ 734 million. While, in 2015 the cash position of Wesfarmers is decreased by $1356 million. The cash outflow surpassed the cash inflow for the company, which has given a huge deficit to the company. Therefore, overall it can be said that the cash position of the company in 2015 is not as good as in the year 2014. The cash position of the company is declined in 2015, which indicates the lower profitability, lesser efficiency, less effective management, and ineffective utilization of the resources. Conclusion: From the above analysis of four financial statements, it can be concluded that the financial performance of the company is not well in 2015 in comparison to the year 2014. The findings are the very crucial base for the managerial decisions. The above finding provides the information of weak zones of the company that will help the management of the company in deciding about bringing the company over the financial difficulties. The result will direct the management in making the effective decision to get back the company from financial slacks. The above statements are providing the comparative analysis of the financial performance of the company in 2014 and 2015, which helps the management in improving the performance by maneuvering the correct actions. These findings provide the investors with information that helps them in predicting the future of the company. Based on the statement of financial position, it can be said that the Wesfarmers has experienced the liquidity problem in the year 2015 because the current asset is decreased while the current liabilities are increased. At the same, the stock market is also generated the adverse result for the company as the shareholder's equity is decreased in the year 2015. Along with this, based on the analysis of profit and loss statement, it can be said that the Wesfarmers is not efficient and effective in its operation as the operating expenses are exceeding the operating income of the company. The income is decreased while the expenses are increased in 2015. The cash inflow of the company is decreased while the cash outflow is increased during 2015. The cash inflow has shown the deficit balance for the Wesfarmers in 2015. Along with this, the shareholder's equity is declined in 2015 which slower the market growth of the Wesfarmers and produced the adverse result for the company. Recommendation: From the above analysis, it has been found that the Wesfarmers has faced the intense financial shortcoming and difficulties in the year 2015, which caused adverse result for the company. Therefore, the company should focus on its operating and non-operating costs to minimize the expenses that bring the reduction in the price of the product of the company that will lead to increased sales of the company. The increased sales of the company will cause the revenue of the company to be increased. The Wesfarmers should slash off its operating cost that will increase the operating income of the company and increase the net income of the company. Apart from this, the Wesfarmers should develop its capability to utilize its assets effectively for generating the more revenue. It should arrange the training and development program for the employees that will develop the skills and knowledge of the employees. It will increase their efficiency and increase their performance in both quality and quantity measures. Apart from this, Wesfarmers should reduce the liability by effectively allocating the financial resources to different activities. Effective management of finance removes the problem of liquidity because it gives the finance to the different activities of the company based on their urgency and priority. Along with this, it should focus on employees satisfaction that may possibly improve their productivity, which in turn increase the productivity of the company. Along with this, the Wesfarmers should use its retained earnings in new projects that will increase the profit of the company. Diversification reduces the risk level of the company by distributing it in different business activities. The company should also focus on wealth maximization by increasing the return on investment by the shareholders, by providing the bonuses and incentives to employees for their excellent performance and by providing the community with products and services at a cheaper rate. This will increase the market share of the company and increase the profitability. Besides this, the company can improve its financial position by arranging the long terms financial resources. It will remove the pressure of short-term liabilities on the company. It can also remove the short-term finance requirement by curtailing the recycling process that will help in transforming the inventory into cash in very less time. Besides this, the company should focus on raising its sales th at will generate the more revenue for the company. It should reduce the debt collection period and collect the debts from the market more frequently. So, using these remedies, the Wesfarmers can improve its financial performance and condition that has gone worse in 2015. References: Healy, P. M., Palepu, K. G. (2012)Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. USA: Cengage Learning. Brigham, E. F., Houston, J. F. (2012)Fundamentals of financial management. USA: Cengage Learning. Robinson, T. R., Henry, E., Pirie, W. L., Broihahn, M. A. (2015) International financial statement analysis. USA: John Wiley Sons. Weil, R. L., Schipper, K., Francis, J. (2013)Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. USA: Cengage Learning. Wesfarmers, (2016) Wesfarmers: who we are [Online]. Available at: https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/ (Accessed: 15 September 2016). Market watch (2016) Wesfarmers Ltd. ADR: Financials [Online]. Available at: https://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/wfafy/financials (Accessed: 15 September 2016). Yahoo7, (2016) Wesfarmers: balance sheet [Online]. Available at: https://au.finance.yahoo.com/q/cf?s=WES.AXannual (Accessed: 15 September 2016). ASX, (2016) Price and research: company information [Online]. Available at: https://www.asx.com.au/asx/research/company.do#!/WES (Accessed: 15 September 2016).

Complaint Traveller Regarding Long Distance-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Complaint Traveller Regarding Long Distance? Answer: Introduction Smart car system will highly resolve many of the complaint traveler faces regarding long distance travel and the wasted time while driving daily to their daily activities [1]. Intelligent transportation system differs in technologies used from rudimentary control system like traffic signal management system, car navigation. There are some technologies which are put in place to help achieve this concept of smart cars. Wireless communication. Different forms of wireless communication have been anticipated for these smart car system. Ultra High Frequency and very high frequency are fully adopted for a long and short range within the smart car systems [2]. Short range communication is of about 350 m and it can be accomplished by the help of dedicated short Range communications ethics being supported by some societies like Intelligent Transportation Society of America. For long range wireless communication, it is have been anticipated using infrastructure networks like WiMAX, 3 G, Global system for mobile communication ( GSM) [3]. Computational technologies [1]. The current improvements in vehicle electronics have made move headed for many accomplished computer processors on a car. A prototype car in early years of 2000 had between 20 and 100 individual microcontroller or even PLC (programmable Logic Control) having no real time OS ( operating system). Sensing technology. (Bluetooth detection, Audio detection and information fusion from several traffic modalities). Intelligent transportation vehicle system will change and help in several ways in the transportation sector in the world [3]. Some of this advantage which this smart car will offer are; autonomous driving where the car will be programmed to enable it to drive by itself in highways, Internet connectivity where the owners of the vehicles are connected to their own cars can the owners can track their cars in case of theft. With the smart cars, the drivers are assured of the assisted driving where the camera on the car will show the driver when he or she is drifting out of the road. These smart cars are installed with Infotainment System where the drivers are able to connect their cars to their smart mobile phone and play music and use the internet connectivity for browsing. This Infotainment Systems will enable the user to use their app on their cars display like weather apps, streaming apps among other which will inform and entertain the driver as he drives in the highways [6]. These cars will also help in ensuring the security of the car. Such cars are installed with Biometrics having devices which allow only the fingerprint of the owner, heartbeat of the owner, eye-scanner which the owner will employ to enable him or her open the doors of his or car doors. Having these smart cars maketing traveling comfortable and simple, as it can even enable children to be driven to school alone to schools without being accompanied by their parents [3]. Using the smart cars traffic accidents will highly be educed as there will be communication between cars (vehicle to- vehicle communication) [7]. To fully ensure that accidents are fully reduced on the road, the following are some of the safety applications which are used in conjunction with vehicle-to-to vehicle communication; Risky location caution: obstacle detection, accidents reporting. Favoring ambulances, police cars and fire trucks Cautions on arriving intersections. Abrupt stop cautions: forward accident caution, pre-crash sensing or Traffic efficiency employs the scenarios of those which are set to advance the efficiency of the conveyance network by giving info to the drivers of the vehicles [8]. The vehicle gives information on; Viable speed limit Intelligent inspections Promotes Route Navigation and Guidance Merging Assistance. In the diagram below shows coordination of vehicle while moving on the road, Related Work In recent years, some companies and industries have tried to develop smart cars having vehicle-to-vehicle communication but they havent exhausted the technology to enable them attain higher efficiency. In the US, smart cars are already being worked on by an engineer known as Daimler Chrysler due to the cost of gas which is relatively high [9]. But in many parts of Europe, these cars are already in place. The cars are big in the economy but small in stature. The concept of the smart car (vehicle-to-vehicle communication) was developed by Hayek [10]. He wanted to come up with a small car which is environmentally friendly, easy to pack, to reduce accident and to reduce traffic congestion. The actual development of this smart car began in the year 1994, but it was first revealed in 1997 at Frankfurt Motor show by a company known as Micro compact Car, popularly known as MCC. This company made a full concept of the vehicle to- vehicle communication which is the backbone of this cars operat ion [11]. The car-to-car or sometimes known as vehicle to- vehicle has a good communication between a car and car just as the name shows. This is achieved by fully adopting telecommunication concepts and also by the use of services like the WLAN, LAN, GMS among others. Countries are highly adopting the use of the smart cars and in the few years, most countries will fully adopt the use of the smart cars [12]. Micro compact Car Company made a good use of handheld devices like tablets and smartphone by synchronizing them to these smart cars which then enables them to control the management of their cars [13]. This Micro compact Car Company heavily give weight to the communication which is between the car and a car to enable reduce several accidents which occur on the road. These accidents always occur because of miscommunication that exists between the cars [14]. But with these communication features installed in these cars, a car can communicate effectively with another car, the car will also ensure that it keeps on its track, this is aided by the installed camera on each smart car so that if the car wants to overtake at unsuitable position then the driver will not be allowed to do such things, therefore, reduces the chances of accidents. Wireless communication is the core operation of the smart cars, the well-known wireless networks employed by smart car are UMTS, LAN, and WLAN Peer-to-peer provides a communication between two nodes (between a car and a car) which are in a single loop. In peer-to-peer network traffic is of a great importance that the Micro compact Car looked into keenly as it helps to reduce this problematic scenario. For the peer-to-peer, the company ensures that for the two cars which are peered are installed with wireless communication components to make the communication possible between the cars. In some cases, these smart cars can peer to every car around where the car will be able to receive the ``heartbeat`` message of the car which is next to it [15]. Even if the two cars are not in the vicinity the drivers will be receiving information of each other cars information. With these messages received on the car dashboard, the driver will be aware of the availability of the car around and he or s he will be notified of the car size and the speed on which is moving. The shared messages are referred to as ``heartbeat`` messages because the messages being received are consistently being exchanged with the vehicles which are nearby. These periodic `` heartbeat`` messages shared between vehicles will provide very vital information of the vehicle between the nearby vehicles, this information includes; Time Longitude Latitude Temporary ID Heading Vehicle size Steering Wheel Angle Transmission and speed Positional Accuracy size of the vehicle the vehicles acceleration Elevation Other very vital messages which are shared between vehicles nearby may include; Message Common safety request. This is employed when a vehicle is partaking to the interchange of the straightforward message which makes a particular request to other vehicles for additional details needed by safety application[15]. The message of vehicle data. Such message has status details regarding the vehicle to activate its applications scrutinize the commuting condition on road sections. Messages of generic transfer. This gives a basic platform or means to interchange information or data across vehicle to-infrastructure interface. The message of emergency vehicle alert. This message helps to broadcast all dangers which surround the vehicle at or beyond the vicinity of the drivers. The message of A la carte. This message constitutes elements obtained by sender and allowing for flexible exchange of data. The diagram below shows clearly how this peer-to-peer communication operations. This is what the Micro compact Car Company fully based their concept on the operation of their smart cars [16]. Even though Micro compact Car Company identified several advantages of these smart cars but they face some challenges still. The wireless services are very expensive to buy, install and service in these smart cars. The cost may greatly hinder the full adoption of these smart cars. Also, the controllers which are used here (model view controller (MVPs)) are not easy to service [17]. There is also fear that the smart cars may be hacked since they are computerized. Problem Formulation The smart vehicles have wireless devices like WLAN, GPS others which enable them to communicate with each other by passing data within the nearby vehicles to help avoid accidence which may occur if there is miscommunication within the drivers. Vehicle-to-vehicle are designed to communicate between the car and car and also car and other objects in real time The information received help the drivers on security information like accidents and theft warnings [18] Challenges in solving the coordination problem There are some challenges which these smart cars face, these challenges are discussed below; Control Challenges The smart cars are designed to communicate effectively with the nearby car through what is known as Vehicle- to-vehicle communication or in some cases V2V. But in some cases there may be problems developed in the system which will hence interfere with smooth communication between the nearby vehicles. Therefore, there must be some control measure put to ensure that these challenges are dealt with to ensure the effective operation of the smart cars. The below diagram below illustrates the communication network for the vehicle-to-vehicle communication [19]. Formula 1: Formula for calculating communication network for the vehicle-to-vehicle communication. (David, 2014) Where; Dw = windows distance ( the whole distance between the nearby vehicles ), V = Velocity of moving vehicle , a= Acceleration of the moving car ,L= Length of the moving vehicle, Ds = windows distance (the shortest distance between the nearby vehicle The most vehicle to vehicle control for communication challenges is: Congestion vs awareness control. This basically is composed of the congestion control and awareness control which may involve the car while on the road [12]. This control measure is further explained below. Congestion control: This control is put in place for the smart vehicles to ensure that there is a stable operation of this vehicle while on the road. When this control is put on the smart cars, the car will respond effectively to the congestion and if possible avoid the route which has the congestion. Awareness Control. This control type is put on the smart cars to aim at proficiently making sure that each and every vehicles ability to detect and also to communicate to the appropriate cars in their local neighborhood[20] Communication Challenges Communication between vehicles in the road has a very important positive effect. This communication has promoted safety and elimination of the too much cost of traffic collision which in most cases results in a road accident causing the death of people [21]. According to World Health Organization, road accident has been killing about 1.2 million of people per year. This car to car communication will also help to manage the speed of vehicles since the police officers will be able to notice the speed of the public service vehicle hence further reduce the deaths on road. Car to car communication will also enable the drivers to fathom if there are car hijacker around from the information shared like the Temporary ID, Heading, and Vehicle size among which will help every driver to know who is around them [22]. However, car to car has some serious positive effects but it has some negative effects as well. These cars are highly affected to advance weather conditions for instance, the laser sensors put on the roof of the cars cannot when they are rained on. These cars are likely to be hacked since they are basically operating on software. Sensing Challenges These smart cars greatly operate on the software which are having laser sensors on top of their roof, these sensors help them to enable communication by passing information to nearby cars. So if these sensors are installed in a car, there will be effective transfer and exchange of information between nearby cars. Sensing the availability of another car, its speed among its other features has greatly helped to reduce road accidents, this is true since the driver can obtain the information of the nearby vehicles therefore they can avoid the high speed vehicles. A smart car without sensor will not be able to detect and pass information between it and another nearby car, the nearby car with the sensor is able to obtain its information Vehicles with sensors have some advantages like reduced traffic collision which may result in the accident. These collisions are highly reduced because the vehicle is able to communicate with one another and this has highly reduced the accident in places where they are employed [24]. But these cars with sensors face some problems as well, these cars cannot operate if the sensor is rained on, therefore it highly affected by advanced weather conditions like rainfall [25]. Those smart cars without sensors face disadvantages, for example, they can be highly affected by the traffic congestion which may result in traffic collision and accidents. But even if they are faced with such disadvantages still they possess some special advantages over those with sensors, these cars cannot be affected by advanced weather like heavy rainfall. Solving The Coordination Problem Rule Base Solution For the smart cars, the Rule base is set of rules which control what should and what should not pass through the firewall installed in this car. This rule operates in two different ways, one of the most common ways is this rule can presume that all traffic is allowed unless there is a rule set aside to avoid this. The other way is to presume that there is no traffic to be allowed to flow via it unless there is an explicit rule to allow it happen. This rule entails the specific time communication which is very useful in smart car operation. This kind of communication enables manipulation and store of knowledge to enables interpretation in a very crucial way. The communication content here is the nature of the traffic on the road and this is secured by the use of the firewalls installed on these vehicles. The common response for the car drivers in this is basically the presence of the traffic which will make the driver avoid such routes and choose another traffic congestion free routes [4]. Rule base makes an appropriate decision for the car by itself since they contain some artificial Intelligent. Optimization Based Solution Routing of the vehicle and its scheduling with time window constraints is expressed as an integer which is mixed with some programs and optimization based solution that is related to route second algorithm. These algorithms will enable the vehicle to make some crucial decision during its movements. The vehicle will be able to detect the obstacle and even traffic congestion and avoids them [27]. For the algorithms the intelligent transport system there is a diversified application for the dynamic vehicle routing problems of the vehicle. Dynamic vehicle routing problems are expressed as [28]. Dynamic vehicle routing = Where; Ns is given by {n0, n1,n3, ..nn}, this shows the set of nodes. Cs = { (Ni, NJ ), ni, nj ? Ns where I j ) this shows the set of connection Cm= Cm(I,j) (ni,nj) ?Cs this shows the communication cost matrix. The total user time can be calculated, the model basically constitutes two sections. The information user time model is as below; Formula 2: For calculating total user time (Wang. F, 2013 ) Where; K= Average time of pedestrian as compared to a passenger car, V (i) =Vehicle adjusted volume in group i lane, Dv (i) = Relative delay per passenger car in group i lane, Nv = Relative car occupancy per passenger car, Dp(m) = Relative delay per pedestrian in the crossing direction, TDp= total pedestrian delay in the analysis time, UT= Total user time in the analysis period, T= Time taken for the analysis period Strategies for flexible coordination for vehicles enables communication of vehicle the use of the algorithms [4]. These strategies enable the car to effectively communicate with both infrastructure and other vehicles. In order to link vehicles the flexibility in demand Side management is highly crucial. These are achieved by strategies highlighted below. Flint MTA (Metropolitan Transportation Authority) Metropolitan Transportation Authority provides an effective communication. This strategy ensures pedestrians movements easily without being knocked by the congested moving vehicles. The service is synchronized to the general public service [29]. Coalition Building This strategy put around the commuting issues in a very efficient issue way to enable avoiding the coalitions which may occur between the vehicles and the building. The algorithm is installed in the smart cars to fully execute this operation [27]. Michigan Nontraditional Vanpool Program This strategy gives insight into the approaches which have promoted the coordination of transportation of vehicles on the road, be it for passengers or for the one carrying luggage. This coordination will hence ensure that there is an effective communication by the help of the algorithm to reduce as much as possible the collision of these vehicles on the road [8]. Conclusion Smart cars will highly change and improve the transport sector by managing effective communication between vehicle to vehicle and also a vehicle to infrastructure. This effective communication will ensure that collision of vehicles on the road are highly reduced hence reducing the chances of accidents which may occur due to the collision. The sharing of information between the nearby vehicles helps the drivers to access the information of each others vehicle thus boosting the security and reducing the occurrences of accidence on the road. References F.-Y. Wang, Advanced Motion Control and Sensing for Intelligent Vehicles, Hongkong : Springer, 2013. (https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780387444079 ) Rajamani, Vehicle Dynamics and Control, Tokyo : Springer Science, 2013. (https://www.springer.com/us/book/9781461414322 Payam,B, Smart Sensing and Context,Manchester: Springer science,2012 hihttps://books.google.co.ke/books?id=_WoRYigHrYoCdq=smart+cars+books+from+springersource=gbs_navlinks Shi, Autonomous Rock Excavation: Intelligent Control Techniques and Experimentation, Tokyo: Springer , 2014. (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-22879-2 Hseyin Abut, Digital Signal Processing for In-Vehicle Systems and Safety, Tokyo: Springer,2011 (https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=q_LOfPHmFSMCdq=smart+cars+books+from+springersource=gbs_navlinks_s) Chen, Advances in Intelligent Vehicles, Naples: Springer, 2015 (https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-81-322-2674-1_58) Haug, Concurrent Engineering: Tools and Technologies for Mechanical System Design, Napoli : springer, 2014. (https://www.springer.com/la/book/9783642781216) Amoson, Proceedings of the International Conference on Business management in Intelligent System and Contro, Bologna: Spriner , 2013.( https://www.springer.com/la/book/978981101707 Shangguang Wang, Internet of Vehicles Technologies and Services, Ottawa:Springer,2011 (https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=lLTzDQAAQBAJdq=smart+cars+books+from+springersource=gbs_navlin Gerhard Schmidt, Smart Mobile In-Vehicle Systems: Next Generation Advancements, Berlin: Springer, 2013 (https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=sIK8BAAAQBAJdq=smart+cars+books+from+springersource=gbs_navlinks_ Schwartz, Street Smart: The Rise of Cities and the Fall of Cars, Ichinomiya: IEEE, 2014. (https://www.amazon.com/Street-Smart-Rise-Cities-Fall/dp/1610395646) Fumio Harashima, Intelligent Vehicle Technologies: Theory and Applications,Berlin:IEEE,2012 (https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=oL6M0U3QEacCdq=smart+cars+books+from+IEEEsource=gbs_navl P. Varaiya, Smart Cars on Smart Roads - Problems of Control, Handa: IEEE , 1993 (https://www.dcsc.tudelft.nl/~bdeschutter/pub/rep/07_013.pdf) Madhavan, Intelligent Vehicle Systems: A 4D/RCS Approach, Okazaki: Springer , 2015 (https://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewFile/1881/1779) Eskandarian, Handbook of Intelligent Vehicles, Hekinan: Springer, 2012(https://www.springer.com/us/book/9780857290847) kala, On-Road Intelligent Vehicles: Motion Planning for Intelligent Transportation Systems, Toyohashi: Springer, 2013 Bishop, Intelligent Vehicle Technology and Trends, Hull: IEEE, 2013 (https://us.artechhouse.com/Intelligent-Vehicle-Technology-and-Trends-P1714.aspx) R. Ms, Mechatronics and Intelligent Systems for Off-road Vehicles, Rome: Springer, 2013 (https://www.springer.com/la/book/9781849964678) Cao, Image Processing for Collision Avoidance in Intelligent Vehicle Systems, Manchester : Springer, 20 Yaobin Chen, Advances in Intelligent Vehicles, Palemo : Springer , 2015(https://anglaollerd6xry3w.ga/Advances-in-Intelligent-Vehicles